# JSXGraph 1.10.0 Reference

## JavaScript must be enabled in order for you to use JSXGraph and JSXGraph reference. However, it seems JavaScript is either disabled or not supported by your browser.

Class Index | File Index

Elements

- Angle
- Arc
- Arrow
- Arrowparallel
- Axes3D
- Axis
- Axis3D
- Bisector
- Bisectorlines
- Boxplot
- Button
- Cardinalspline
- Chart
- Checkbox
- Circle
- Circle3D
- Circumcenter
- Circumcircle
- CircumcircleArc
- CircumcircleSector
- Comb
- Conic
- Curve
- Curve3D
- CurveDifference
- CurveIntersection
- CurveUnion
- Derivative
- Ellipse
- ForeignObject
- Functiongraph
- Functiongraph3D
- Glider
- Grid
- Group
- Hatch
- Hyperbola
- Image
- ImplicitCurve
- Incenter
- Incircle
- Inequality
- Input
- Integral
- Intersection
- IntersectionCircle3D
- IntersectionLine3D
- Label
- Legend
- Line
- Line3D
- Locus
- MajorArc
- MajorSector
- Measurement
- Mesh3D
- Metapostspline
- Midpoint
- MinorArc
- MinorSector
- mirrorelement
- Mirrorpoint
- NonReflexAngle
- Normal
- Orthogonalprojection
- OtherIntersection
- Parabola
- Parallel
- Parallelogram
- Parallelpoint
- ParametricSurface3D
- Perpendicular
- PerpendicularPoint
- PerpendicularSegment
- Point
- Point3D
- PolarLine
- PolePoint
- Polygon
- PolygonalChain
- RadicalAxis
- Reflection
- ReflexAngle
- RegularPolygon
- Riemannsum
- Sector
- Segment
- Semicircle
- Slider
- Slopefield
- Slopetriangle
- Smartlabel
- Sphere3D
- Spline
- Stepfunction
- Tangent
- TangentTo
- Tapemeasure
- Text
- Text3D
- Ticks
- Ticks3D
- Tracecurve
- Transformation
- Turtle
- Vectorfield
- Vectorfield3D
- View3D

Classes

- _global_
- JXG
- JXG.AbstractRenderer
- JXG.Board
- JXG.Board.infobox
- JXG.C
- JXG.CA
- JXG.CanvasRenderer
- JXG.Chart
- JXG.Circle
- JXG.Circle3D
- JXG.Complex
- JXG.Composition
- JXG.Coords
- JXG.CoordsElement
- JXG.Curve
- JXG.Curve3D
- JXG.Dump
- JXG.EventEmitter
- JXG.Expect
- JXG.ForeignObject
- JXG.GeometryElement
- JXG.GeometryElement3D
- JXG.GeonextParser
- JXG.Group
- JXG.Image
- JXG.JessieCode
- JXG.JSXGraph
- JXG.Legend
- JXG.Line
- JXG.Line3D
- JXG.Math
- JXG.Math.BoxQuadtree
- JXG.Math.Clip
- JXG.Math.Extrapolate
- JXG.Math.Geometry
- JXG.Math.ImplicitPlot
- JXG.Math.IntervalArithmetic
- JXG.Math.Metapost
- JXG.Math.Nlp
- JXG.Math.Numerics
- JXG.Math.Plot
- JXG.Math.Poly
- JXG.Math.Poly.Monomial
- JXG.Math.Poly.Polynomial
- JXG.Math.Poly.Ring
- JXG.Math.ProbFuncs
- JXG.Math.Quadtree
- JXG.Math.Statistics
- JXG.Math.Symbolic
- JXG.NoRenderer
- JXG.Options
- JXG.Plane3D
- JXG.Point
- JXG.Point3D
- JXG.Polygon
- JXG.Polygon3D
- JXG.PrefixParser
- JXG.Server
- JXG.Server.modules
- JXG.Sphere3D
- JXG.Surface3D
- JXG.SVGRenderer
- JXG.Text
- JXG.Text3D
- JXG.Ticks
- JXG.Transformation
- JXG.Turtle
- JXG.Util
- JXG.Util.Base64
- JXG.Util.Unzip
- JXG.Util.UTF8
- JXG.View3D
- JXG.VMLRenderer
- JXG.XML

# Namespace JXG.Math

↳ JXG.Math

Defined in: math.js.

Namespace Summary
Constructor Attributes | Constructor Name and Description
--- | ---
| JXG.Math Math namespace.

Field Summary
Field Attributes | Field Name and Description
--- | ---
<static> | JXG.Math.acosh Hyperbolic arc-cosine of a number.
<static> | JXG.Math.asinh Hyperbolic arcsine of a number
<static> | JXG.Math.eps eps defines the closeness to zero.
<static> | JXG.Math.Interval Interval for interval arithmetics.

Method Summary
Method Attributes | Method Name and Description
--- | ---
<static> | JXG.Math.acot(x) Computes the inverse cotangent of x.
<static> | JXG.Math.and(a, b) Logical operator: a && b?
<static> | JXG.Math.axpy(a, x, y) Compute a * x + y for a scalar a and vectors x and y.
<static> | JXG.Math.binomial(n, k) Computes the binomial coefficient n over k.
<static> | JXG.Math.cbrt(x) Computes cube root of real number Polyfill for Math.cbrt().
<static> | JXG.Math.clamp(x, a, b) Clamp `x` within the interval `[a, b]`.
<static> | JXG.Math.cosh(x) Calculates the cosine hyperbolicus of x.
<static> | JXG.Math.cot(x) Computes the cotangent of x.
<static> | JXG.Math.crossProduct(c1, c2) Calculates the cross product of two vectors both of length three.
<static> | JXG.Math.decToFraction(x, order) Convert a floating point number to sign + integer + fraction.
<static> | JXG.Math.eq(a, b) Logical test: a === b?
<static> | JXG.Math.erf(x) Error function, see https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Error_function.
<static> | JXG.Math.erfc(x) Complementary error function, i.e.
<static> | JXG.Math.erfi(x) Inverse of error function
<static> | JXG.Math.factorial(n) Compute the factorial of a positive integer.
<static> | JXG.Math.frustum(l, r, t, b, n, f) Generates a 4x4 matrix for 3D to 2D projections.
<static> | JXG.Math.gamma(z) Gamma function for real parameters by Lanczos approximation.
<static> | JXG.Math.gcd(a, b) Greatest common divisor (gcd) of two numbers.
<static> | JXG.Math.geq(a, b) Logical test: a >= b?
<static> | JXG.Math.gt(a, b) Logical test: a > b?
<static> | JXG.Math.hstep(x) Heaviside unit step function.
<static> | JXG.Math.hypot(a) Returns sqrt(a * a + b * b) for a variable number of arguments.
<static> | JXG.Math.identity(n, m) Generates an identity matrix.
<static> | JXG.Math.innerProduct(a, b, n) Inner product of two vectors a and b.
<static> | JXG.Math.inverse(Ain) Compute the inverse of an nxn matrix with Gauss elimination.
<static> | JXG.Math.lcm(a, b) Least common multiple (lcm) of two numbers.
<static> | JXG.Math.leq(a, b) Logical test: a <= b?
<static> | JXG.Math.log(x, b) Logarithm to arbitrary base b.
<static> | JXG.Math.log10(x) Logarithm to base 10.
<static> | JXG.Math.log2(x) Logarithm to base 2.
<static> | JXG.Math.lt(a, b) Logical test: a < b?
<static> | JXG.Math.matMatMult(mat1, mat2) Computes the product of the two matrices mat1*mat2.
<static> | JXG.Math.matrix(n, m, init) Initializes a matrix as an array of rows with the given value.
<static> | JXG.Math.matVecMult(mat, vec) Multiplies a vector vec to a matrix mat: mat * vec.
<static> | JXG.Math.mod(a, m) The JavaScript implementation of the % operator returns the symmetric modulo.
<static> | JXG.Math.ndtr(x) Normal distribution function
<static> | JXG.Math.ndtri(x) Inverse of normal distribution function
<static> | JXG.Math.neq(a, b) Logical test: a !== b?
<static> | JXG.Math.norm(a, n) Euclidean norm of a vector.
<private> <static> | JXG.Math.normalize(stdform) Normalize the standard form [c, b0, b1, a, k, r, q0, q1].
<static> | JXG.Math.not(a) Logical operator: !a?
<static> | JXG.Math.nthroot(x, n) Compute n-th real root of a real number.
<static> | JXG.Math.or(a, b) Logical operator: a || b?
<static> | JXG.Math.pow(base, exponent) Compute base to the power of exponent.
<static> | JXG.Math.projection(fov, ratio, n, f) Generates a 4x4 matrix for 3D to 2D projections.
<static> | JXG.Math.ratpow(base, m, n) Compute base to the power of the rational exponent m / n.
<static> | JXG.Math.relDif(a, b) Determine the relative difference between two numbers.
<static> | JXG.Math.roundToStep(value, step, min, max) Special use of Math.round function to round not only to integers but also to chosen decimal values.
<static> | JXG.Math.sign(x) The sign() function returns the sign of a number, indicating whether the number is positive, negative or zero.
<static> | JXG.Math.sinh(x) Sine hyperbolicus of x.
<static> | JXG.Math.squampow(base, exponent) A square & multiply algorithm to compute base to the power of exponent.
<static> | JXG.Math.toGL(m) Converts a two dimensional array to a one dimensional Float32Array that can be processed by WebGL.
<static> | JXG.Math.transpose(M) Transposes a matrix given as a two dimensional array.
<static> | JXG.Math.vector(n, init) Initializes a vector of size `n` wih coefficients set to the init value (default 0)
<static> | JXG.Math.Vieta(x) Theorem of Vieta: Given a set of simple zeroes x_0, .
<static> | JXG.Math.wrap(x, a, b) Translate `x` into the interval `[a, b)` by adding a multiple of `b - a`.
<static> | JXG.Math.wrapAndClamp(x, a, b, period) A way of clamping a periodic variable.
<static> | JXG.Math.xor(a, b) Logical operator: either a or b?

Namespace Detail
JXG.Math
Math namespace. Contains mathematics related methods which are specific to JSXGraph or which extend the JavaScript Math class.
Field Detail
<static> {Number} JXG.Math.acosh
Hyperbolic arc-cosine of a number.

<static> {Number} JXG.Math.asinh
Hyperbolic arcsine of a number

<static> {Number} JXG.Math.eps
eps defines the closeness to zero. If the absolute value of a given number is smaller than eps, it is considered to be equal to zero.

<static> {Object} JXG.Math.Interval
Interval for interval arithmetics. Consists of the properties

- lo
- hi

Defined in: ia.js.
Method Detail
<static> {Number} JXG.Math.acot(x)
Computes the inverse cotangent of x.

Parameters:
{Number} x
  The number the inverse cotangent will be calculated of.

Returns:
  {Number} Inverse cotangent of the given value.

<static> {Boolean} JXG.Math.and(a, b)
Logical operator: a && b?

Parameters:
{Boolean} a
{Boolean} b

Returns:
  {Boolean}

<static> JXG.Math.axpy(a, x, y)
Compute a * x + y for a scalar a and vectors x and y.

Parameters:
{Number} a
{Array} x
{Array} y

Returns:

<static> {Number} JXG.Math.binomial(n, k)
Computes the binomial coefficient n over k.

Parameters:
{Number} n
  Fraction will be ignored
{Number} k
  Fraction will be ignored

Returns:
  {Number} The binomial coefficient n over k

<static> {Number} JXG.Math.cbrt(x)
Computes cube root of real number Polyfill for Math.cbrt().

Parameters:
{Number} x
  Radicand

Returns:
  {Number} Cube root of x.

<static> JXG.Math.clamp(x, a, b)
Clamp `x` within the interval `[a, b]`. If `x` is below `a`, increase it to `a`. If it's above `b`, decrease it to `b`.

Parameters:
x
a
b

<static> {Number} JXG.Math.cosh(x)
Calculates the cosine hyperbolicus of x.

Parameters:
{Number} x
  The number the cosine hyperbolicus will be calculated of.

Returns:
  {Number} Cosine hyperbolicus of the given value.

<static> {Number} JXG.Math.cot(x)
Computes the cotangent of x.

Parameters:
{Number} x
  The number the cotangent will be calculated of.

Returns:
  {Number} Cotangent of the given value.

<static> {Array} JXG.Math.crossProduct(c1, c2)
Calculates the cross product of two vectors both of length three. In case of homogeneous coordinates this is either

- the intersection of two lines
- the line through two points

Parameters:
{Array} c1
  Homogeneous coordinates of line or point 1
{Array} c2
  Homogeneous coordinates of line or point 2

Returns:
  {Array} vector of length 3: homogeneous coordinates of the resulting point / line.

<static> {Array} JXG.Math.decToFraction(x, order)
Convert a floating point number to sign + integer + fraction. fraction is given as nominator and denominator.

Algorithm: approximate the floating point number by a continued fraction and simultaneously keep track of its convergents. Inspired by https://kevinboone.me/rationalize.html.

Parameters:
{Number} x
  Number which is to be converted
{Number} order Optional, Default: 0.001
  Small number determining the approximation precision.

Returns:
  {Array} [sign, leading, nominator, denominator] where sign is 1 or -1.

See:
  JXG#toFraction

Examples:

    JXG.Math.decToFraction(0.33333333);
    // Result: [ 1, 0, 1, 3 ]

    JXG.Math.decToFraction(0);
    // Result: [ 1, 0, 0, 1 ]

    JXG.Math.decToFraction(-10.66666666666667);
    // Result: [-1, 10, 2, 3 ]

<static> {Boolean} JXG.Math.eq(a, b)
Logical test: a === b?

Parameters:
{Number} a
{Number} b

Returns:
  {Boolean}

<static> {Number} JXG.Math.erf(x)
Error function, see https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Error_function.

Parameters:
{Number} x

Returns:
  {Number}

See:
  JXG.Math.PropFunc.erf

<static> {Number} JXG.Math.erfc(x)
Complementary error function, i.e. 1 - erf(x).

Parameters:
{Number} x

Returns:
  {Number}

See:
  JXG.Math.erf
  JXG.Math.PropFunc.erfc

<static> {Number} JXG.Math.erfi(x)
Inverse of error function

Parameters:
{Number} x

Returns:
  {Number}

See:
  JXG.Math.erf
  JXG.Math.PropFunc.erfi

<static> {Number} JXG.Math.factorial(n)
Compute the factorial of a positive integer. If a non-integer value is given, the fraction will be ignored.

Parameters:
{Number} n

Returns:
  {Number} n! = n*(n-1)*...*2*1

<static> {Array} JXG.Math.frustum(l, r, t, b, n, f)
Generates a 4x4 matrix for 3D to 2D projections.

Parameters:
{Number} l
  Left
{Number} r
  Right
{Number} t
  Top
{Number} b
  Bottom
{Number} n
  Near
{Number} f
  Far

Returns:
  {Array} 4x4 Matrix

<static> JXG.Math.gamma(z)
Gamma function for real parameters by Lanczos approximation. Implementation straight from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lanczos_approximation.

Parameters:
{Number} z

Returns:
  Number

<static> {Number} JXG.Math.gcd(a, b)
Greatest common divisor (gcd) of two numbers.

Parameters:
{Number} a
  First number
{Number} b
  Second number

Returns:
  {Number} gcd(a, b) if a and b are numbers, NaN else.

See:
  rosettacode.org

<static> {Boolean} JXG.Math.geq(a, b)
Logical test: a >= b?

Parameters:
{Number} a
{Number} b

Returns:
  {Boolean}

<static> {Boolean} JXG.Math.gt(a, b)
Logical test: a > b?

Parameters:
{Number} a
{Number} b

Returns:
  {Boolean}

<static> JXG.Math.hstep(x)
Heaviside unit step function. Returns 0 for x <, 1 for x > 0, and 0.5 for x == 0.

Parameters:
{Number} x

Returns:
  Number

<static> JXG.Math.hypot(a)
Returns sqrt(a * a + b * b) for a variable number of arguments. This is a naive implementation which might be faster than Math.hypot. The latter is numerically more stable.

Parameters:
{Number} a
  Variable number of arguments.

Returns:
  Number

<static> {Array} JXG.Math.identity(n, m)
Generates an identity matrix. If n is a number and m is undefined or not a number, a square matrix is generated, if n and m are both numbers, an nxm matrix is generated.

Parameters:
{Number} n
  Number of rows
{Number} m Optional, Default: n
  Number of columns

Returns:
  {Array} A square matrix of length `n` with all coefficients equal to 0 except a_(i,i), i out of (1, ..., n), if `m` is undefined or not a number or a `n` times `m`-matrix with a_(i,j) = 0 and a_(i,i) = 1 if m is a number.

<static> {Number} JXG.Math.innerProduct(a, b, n)
Inner product of two vectors a and b. n is the length of the vectors.

Parameters:
{Array} a
  Vector
{Array} b
  Vector
{Number} n Optional
  Length of the Vectors. If not given the length of the first vector is taken.

Returns:
  {Number} The inner product of a and b.

<static> {Array} JXG.Math.inverse(Ain)
Compute the inverse of an nxn matrix with Gauss elimination.

Parameters:
{Array} Ain

Returns:
  {Array} Inverse matrix of Ain

<static> {Number} JXG.Math.lcm(a, b)
Least common multiple (lcm) of two numbers.

Parameters:
{Number} a
  First number
{Number} b
  Second number

Returns:
  {Number} lcm(a, b) if a and b are numbers, NaN else.

<static> {Boolean} JXG.Math.leq(a, b)
Logical test: a <= b?

Parameters:
{Number} a
{Number} b

Returns:
  {Boolean}

<static> {Number} JXG.Math.log(x, b)
Logarithm to arbitrary base b. If b is not given, natural log is taken, i.e. b = e.

Parameters:
{Number} x
{Number} b
  base

Returns:
  {Number} log(x, b) Logarithm of x to base b, that is log(x)/log(b).

<static> {Number} JXG.Math.log10(x)
Logarithm to base 10.

Parameters:
{Number} x

Returns:
  {Number} log10(x) Logarithm of x to base 10.

<static> {Number} JXG.Math.log2(x)
Logarithm to base 2.

Parameters:
{Number} x

Returns:
  {Number} log2(x) Logarithm of x to base 2.

<static> {Boolean} JXG.Math.lt(a, b)
Logical test: a < b?

Parameters:
{Number} a
{Number} b

Returns:
  {Boolean}

<static> {Array} JXG.Math.matMatMult(mat1, mat2)
Computes the product of the two matrices mat1*mat2.

Parameters:
{Array} mat1
  Two dimensional array of numbers
{Array} mat2
  Two dimensional array of numbers

Returns:
  {Array} Two dimensional Array of numbers containing result

<static> {Array} JXG.Math.matrix(n, m, init)
Initializes a matrix as an array of rows with the given value.

Parameters:
{Number} n
  Number of rows
{Number} m Optional, Default: n
  Number of columns
{Number} init Optional, Default: 0
  Initial value for each coefficient

Returns:
  {Array} A `n` times `m`-matrix represented by a two-dimensional array. The inner arrays hold the columns, the outer array holds the rows.

<static> {Array} JXG.Math.matVecMult(mat, vec)
Multiplies a vector vec to a matrix mat: mat * vec. The matrix is interpreted by this function as an array of rows. Please note: This function does not check if the dimensions match.

Parameters:
{Array} mat
  Two dimensional array of numbers. The inner arrays describe the columns, the outer ones the matrix' rows.
{Array} vec
  Array of numbers

Returns:
  {Array} Array of numbers containing the result

Examples:

    var A = [[2, 1],
             [1, 3]],
        b = [4, 5],
        c;
    c = JXG.Math.matVecMult(A, b)
    // c === [13, 19];

<static> {Number} JXG.Math.mod(a, m)
The JavaScript implementation of the % operator returns the symmetric modulo. mod and "%" are both identical if a >= 0 and m >= 0 but the results differ if a or m < 0.

Parameters:
{Number} a
{Number} m

Returns:
  {Number} Mathematical modulo `a mod m`

<static> {Number} JXG.Math.ndtr(x)
Normal distribution function

Parameters:
{Number} x

Returns:
  {Number}

See:
  JXG.Math.PropFunc.ndtr

<static> {Number} JXG.Math.ndtri(x)
Inverse of normal distribution function

Parameters:
{Number} x

Returns:
  {Number}

See:
  JXG.Math.ndtr
  JXG.Math.PropFunc.ndtri

<static> {Boolean} JXG.Math.neq(a, b)
Logical test: a !== b?

Parameters:
{Number} a
{Number} b

Returns:
  {Boolean}

<static> {Number} JXG.Math.norm(a, n)
Euclidean norm of a vector.

Parameters:
{Array} a
  Array containing a vector.
{Number} n
  (Optional) length of the array.

Returns:
  {Number} Euclidean norm of the vector.

<private> <static> {Array} JXG.Math.normalize(stdform)
Normalize the standard form [c, b0, b1, a, k, r, q0, q1].

Parameters:
{Array} stdform
  The standard form to be normalized.

Returns:
  {Array} The normalized standard form.

<static> {Boolean} JXG.Math.not(a)
Logical operator: !a?

Parameters:
{Boolean} a

Returns:
  {Boolean}

<static> {Number} JXG.Math.nthroot(x, n)
Compute n-th real root of a real number. n must be strictly positive integer. If n is odd, the real n-th root exists and is negative. For n even, for negative valuees of x NaN is returned

Parameters:
{Number} x
  radicand. Must be non-negative, if n even.
{Number} n
  index of the root. must be strictly positive integer.

Returns:
  {Number} returns real root or NaN

Examples:

    nthroot(16, 4): 2
    nthroot(-27, 3): -3
    nthroot(-4, 2): NaN

<static> {Boolean} JXG.Math.or(a, b)
Logical operator: a || b?

Parameters:
{Boolean} a
{Boolean} b

Returns:
  {Boolean}

<static> {Number} JXG.Math.pow(base, exponent)
Compute base to the power of exponent.

Parameters:
{Number} base
{Number} exponent

Returns:
  {Number} base to the power of exponent.

<static> {Array} JXG.Math.projection(fov, ratio, n, f)
Generates a 4x4 matrix for 3D to 2D projections.

Parameters:
{Number} fov
  Field of view in vertical direction, given in rad.
{Number} ratio
  Aspect ratio of the projection plane.
{Number} n
  Near
{Number} f
  Far

Returns:
  {Array} 4x4 Projection Matrix

<static> {Number} JXG.Math.ratpow(base, m, n)
Compute base to the power of the rational exponent m / n. This function first reduces the fraction m/n and then computes JXG.Math.pow(base, m/n). This function is necessary to have the same results for e.g. (-8)^(1/3) = (-8)^(2/6) = -2

Parameters:
{Number} base
{Number} m
  numerator of exponent
{Number} n
  denominator of exponent

Returns:
  {Number} base to the power of exponent.

<static> {Number} JXG.Math.relDif(a, b)
Determine the relative difference between two numbers.

Parameters:
{Number} a
  First number
{Number} b
  Second number

Returns:
  {Number} Relative difference between a and b: |a-b| / max(|a|, |b|)

<static> {Number} JXG.Math.roundToStep(value, step, min, max)
Special use of Math.round function to round not only to integers but also to chosen decimal values.

Parameters:
{Number} value
  Value to be rounded.
{Number} step
  Distance between the values to be rounded to. (default: 1.0)
{Number} min Optional
  If set, it will be returned the maximum of value and min.
{Number} max Optional
  If set, it will be returned the minimum of value and max.

Returns:
  {Number} Fitted value.

<static> {Number} JXG.Math.sign(x)
The sign() function returns the sign of a number, indicating whether the number is positive, negative or zero.

Parameters:
{Number} x
  A Number

Returns:
  {Number} This function has 5 kinds of return values, 1, -1, 0, -0, NaN, which represent "positive number", "negative number", "positive zero", "negative zero" and NaN respectively.

<static> {Number} JXG.Math.sinh(x)
Sine hyperbolicus of x.

Parameters:
{Number} x
  The number the sine hyperbolicus will be calculated of.

Returns:
  {Number} Sine hyperbolicus of the given value.

<static> {Number} JXG.Math.squampow(base, exponent)
A square & multiply algorithm to compute base to the power of exponent. Implementated by Wolfgang Riedl.

Parameters:
{Number} base
{Number} exponent

Returns:
  {Number} Base to the power of exponent

<static> {Float32Array} JXG.Math.toGL(m)
Converts a two dimensional array to a one dimensional Float32Array that can be processed by WebGL.

Parameters:
{Array} m
  A matrix in a two dimensional array.

Returns:
  {Float32Array} A one dimensional array containing the matrix in column wise notation. Provides a fall back to the default JavaScript Array if Float32Array is not available.

<static> {Array} JXG.Math.transpose(M)
Transposes a matrix given as a two dimensional array.

Parameters:
{Array} M
  The matrix to be transposed

Returns:
  {Array} The transpose of M

<static> {Array} JXG.Math.vector(n, init)
Initializes a vector of size `n` wih coefficients set to the init value (default 0)

Parameters:
{Number} n
  Length of the vector
{Number} init Optional, Default: 0
  Initial value for each coefficient

Returns:
  {Array} An array of length `n`

<static> {Array} JXG.Math.Vieta(x)
Theorem of Vieta: Given a set of simple zeroes x_0, ..., x_n of a polynomial f, compute the coefficients s_k, (k=0,...,n-1) of the polynomial of the form. See https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elementarsymmetrisches_Polynom.

f(x) = (x-x_0)*...*(x-x_n) = x^n + sum_{k=1}^{n} (-1)^(k) s_{k-1} x^(n-k)

Parameters:
{Array} x
  Simple zeroes of the polynomial.

Returns:
  {Array} Coefficients of the polynomial.

<static> JXG.Math.wrap(x, a, b)
Translate `x` into the interval `[a, b)` by adding a multiple of `b - a`.

Parameters:
{Number} x
{Number} a
{Number} b

<static> JXG.Math.wrapAndClamp(x, a, b, period)
A way of clamping a periodic variable. If `x` is congruent mod `period` to a point in `[a, b]`, return that point. Otherwise, wrap it into `[mid - period/2, mid + period/2]`, where `mid` is the mean of `a` and `b`, and then clamp it to `[a, b]` from there.

Parameters:
x
a
b
period

<static> {Boolean} JXG.Math.xor(a, b)
Logical operator: either a or b?

Parameters:
{Boolean} a
{Boolean} b

Returns:
  {Boolean}

Documentation generated by JsDoc Toolkit 2.4.0 on Wed Oct 02 2024 09:14:35 GMT+0200 (Mitteleuropäische Sommerzeit)